Order No: AAC 8729747 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: EMBRYOTOXICITY OF FUSARIUM MYCOTOXINS, ZEARALENONE AND T-2 TOXIN, IN RATS
Author: JANOVITZ, EVAN BRUCE
School: PURDUE UNIVERSITY (0183) Degree: PHD Date: 1987 pp: 285
Source: DAI-B 48/10, p. 2833, Apr 1988
Subject: AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL PATHOLOGY (0476)
Abstract: The embryotoxicity of the estrogenic mycotoxin,
zearalenone (ZEN), and a cytotoxic trichothecene mycotoxin, T-2 toxin
(T-2), was investigated in a series of separate experiments.
ZEN administered as a single oral dose (50 mg ZEN/kg BW) to 26
mated female rats, during the period of embryonic transport (either 1
or 3 days after mating), completely inhibited embryonic implantation
in 18 rats. When examined 12 days after mating, only 2 of the
remaining 8 rats had sites of embryonic implantation with
morphologically viable embryos. The other 6 rats had sites of
embryonic resorption characterized microscopically as deciduomas
without embryonic tissue or with embryonic tissue that was retarded
in development and degenerate. In an additional 25 pregnant rats
similarly treated with ZEN, embryonic transport was accelerated. At
least 1 embryo was recovered prematurely from the uterine horns of 18
rats. The number of embryos recovered per rat was diminished
indicating that some embryos had been expelled through the vagina.
Embryos were not morphologically altered. These findings confirm the
estrogenic activity of ZEN in rats, as indicated by altered
endometrial responsiveness to embryonic implantation and accelerated
embryonic transport.
T-2 administered as a single oral dose (2.5 mg/kg BW) to 10 mated
female rats, during the period of embryonic organogenesis (11 days
after mating), caused complete embryonic resorption in 8 surviving
rats examined 5 days after treatment. Eleven of 16 surviving pregnant
rats similarly treated but examined 6 to 28 hours after treatment had
embryos with multifocal necrosis exemplified by extensive apoptosis
of neuroepithelial cells. Two of these rats were moribund and their
embryos had diffuse hydropic degeneration indicating hypoxic injury.
Although T-2 is directly toxic to rapidly-proliferating cell
populations, maternal toxic effects, such as decidual thrombosis, may
have contributed secondarily to the embryotoxic effect. Eight
surviving pregnant rats treated similarly with a lower dose of T-2
(1.5 mg/kg BW) had partial embryonic resorption, but also had
clinical signs and lesions of T-2 intoxication. Fetuses of 5 pregnant
rats treated similarly with a nontoxic dose of T-2 (1.0 mg/kg BW) had
no morphological evidence of congenital malformation.
Order No: AAC 8808459 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: TURNING EAST IN THE TWIN CITIES: CONVERTS AND MOVEMENTS IN THE 1970S. (VOLUMES I AND II) (MINNEAPOLIS, ST. PAUL,
MINNESOTA)
Author: DARLING, PATRICIA ANN
School: UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA (0130) Degree: PHD Date: 1987
pp: 616
Advisor: FILATTRE, ROLAND A.
Source: DAI-A 49/04, p. 855, Oct 1988
Subject: AMERICAN STUDIES (0323)
Abstract: The 1970s were a particularly fertile time for Eastern
conversion. What was the experience of the young people in the
post-countercultural, post-Vietnam War era that drew them to Eastern
gurus and Hindu, Buddhist, Sufi and Sikh initiation? What was their
experience as converts? What values and lifestyle changes did they
make? What was their relationship to the teachers and 'imported'
religious traditions?
The thesis chronicles the history and evolution of seven
Minnesota groups of Eastern persuasion through the 1970s and early
1980s. The groups are: the Sufis, Divine Light Mission, Satsang,
Meditation Center, East West Macrobiotics, Tibetan Buddhist Center,
and Minnesota Zen Center.
The thesis describes the converts, what they learned and
participated in, the beliefs and values they were exposed to, and the
behaviors and values the teachers offered by way of example. The
thesis also describes the deconversion process and the converts who
made lasting commitments to the teacher and tradition. It also
explores the impact of Eastern religions on the cultural and
religious life of the Twin Cities.
The thesis places Eastern conversion in the context of the
Vietnam War decade and the 19th and early 20th Century backgrounds of
Eastern religions in America and outlines the process by which they
became viable religious options. The framework of analysis is
provided by the essential ingredients of Eastern religious: Buddha or
Guru (teacher), Dharma (scripture and/or doctrine), and Sangha
(community or inner group). The thesis demonstrates that it was not
until the late 1960s and early 1970s that all three ingredients were
in place, because until then sustained communities had not been
organized in the Twin Cities.
Primary research included anthropological participant
observation, interviews of group leaders and converts, and the
gathering and study of literature used by the groups. Secondary
resources included the literature on the psychology of conversion,
historical backgrounds on Eastern religious traditions, and Religious
Studies literature on experiential religions. Interviews provided
access to oral history as well as psychological insight into the
relationships between converts, groups and leaders. Thirty-eight
transcripts of interviews are included.
Order No: AAC 8725443 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: A COMPARISON OF THE SIMILARITY LAWS AND THE SYSTEM THERMAL-HYDRAULIC CODE FOR SCALING APPLICATIONS
Author: WANG, ZEN-YOW
School: UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND COLLEGE PARK (0117) Degree: PHD
Date: 1987 pp: 244
Source: DAI-B 48/08, p. 2441, Feb 1988
Subject: ENGINEERING, NUCLEAR (0552)
Abstract: This study analyzes the limitations of the similarity laws
in reactor thermal-hydraulics and quantifies the cause-and-effect
inter-relationships of flow phenomena in a two-phase fluid system.
To quantify the distortions that inevitably occur during scaling,
two terms are defined. The distortion quantified by the first term
(Boundary Distortion, BD) is generated when the similarity laws are
applied on the basis of a set of discrete dimensionless similarity
parameters. It is equivalent to the distortion recognized in current
scaling procedures. The other term (System Distortion, SD) is a newly
defined term used to quantify the distortions caused by
'inter-relationships' occurring within the flow system. These
'inter-relationships' are calculated by system simulation codes which
incorporate a large number of empirical correlations and predict the
scenario of thermal-hydraulic problems for specific initial and
boundary conditions.
The characteristic trends of the BD's and SD's of a set of
similarity parameters are quantified for four scaling approaches
(schemes). The similarity parameters are developed on the basis of
the two-fluid continuity and momentum equations used in the
RELAP5/MOD2 code which is a 'state-of-the-art' one-dimensional system
simulation code. The SD's are calculated by employing the RELAP5/MOD2
code for the vertical hot leg of a Babcock & Wilcox type Pressurized
Water Reactor.
It is shown that the currently used similarity laws have serious
shortcomings. On the other hand, the use of system simulation codes
can serve as a promising alternative. However, the codes require a
thorough assessment. The quantification of distortions presented in
this study will aid in outlining such an assessment program.
Order No: AAC 8729972 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: SEEKING A FULCRUM: GARY SNYDER AND JAPAN (1956-1975)
Author: YAMAZATO, KATSUNORI
School: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS (0029) Degree: PHD
Date: 1987 pp: 228
Source: DAI-A 48/12, p. 3113, Jun 1988
Subject: LITERATURE, AMERICAN (0591)
Abstract: This study is an introduction to Gary Snyder's development
in terms of his relationship with Japanese spiritual, cultural, and
artistic traditions. The Japanese Years (1956-1968) are central to
our full understanding of the development of Gary Snyder's thought
and poetry.
The first chapter examines Snyder's life and work up to the
'Mindpoint' (1956), the year of his decisive turning. This is the
period of preparation and internal transformation, and along with a
critical analysis of Japanese elements in his early works, I have
analyzed various forces that motivated his decision to go to Japan,
including an underlying, broader vision of 'a fulcrum.'
The second chapter traces the poet's development during the
Japanese Years (1956-1968). His development in Japan was by no means
'linear.' He reacted strongly against Buddhism in Japan, and out of
the tension between faith and skepticism, the two poles that pull
against each other, his vision was created. In addition to his formal
studies in Zen Buddhism which resulted in a significant breakthrough,
I have traced the influence of Japanese traditions in general. Toward
the end of the chapter, I discuss his courtship and marriage to Masa
Uehara.
The third chapter considers Japanese elements in Turtle Island.
The Buddhist-ecologist concept of interpenetration is the focus of my
discussion. Gary Snyder's schooling in Japanese traditions flowers in
this book, and, as such, it reflects the 'new myth and a new culture'
that he intensely pursued during the Japanese years.
Although this study is mainly concerned with the years 1956-1975,
I have briefly analyzed in the fourth chapter Japanese elements in
Synder's two most recent books--Axe Handles and Left Out in the Rain.
These books reflect the poet's 'inhabitory' stage, and his use of
Japanese elements stand in sharp contrast to earlier patterns.
I conclude that out of his uncompromising, intense pursuit of 'a
fulcrum' came his poetry and prose which inspire and teach us. By
descending into, to quote a phrase from one of his unpublished
letters, the 'Oriental historical depth,' he combined not only the
East and the West, but our common archaic past and a dream of a
future society. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)
Order No: AAC 8712100 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: ACQUISITION OF A NOVEL VIEW OF REALITY: A STUDY OF PSYCHO-SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT IN ZEN BUDDHISM
Author: DUBS, JOHN GREGSON
School: THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN (0127) Degree: PHD Date: 1987
pp: 237
Source: DAI-B 48/03, p. 873, Sep 1987
Subject: PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL (0622)
Abstract: The resistance of 30 Soto Zen Buddhists to zazen
(meditation) was studied using a semi-structured interview. They had
meditated an average of 10 years. Subjects recalled the most intense
resistance experienced in the six months prior to the interview. An
eight stage model (the ZLSD) of developmental progress in Zen was
constructed, and was reasonably reliable, assessed on the basis of
agreement between independent judges.
The findings were that neither strength of resistance nor ZLSD
stage had any relation to the amount of either life stress or
stressfulness of zazen. Subjects who had a generally resentful/angry
attitude, as measured by clinical ratings of attitude by independent
judges, did not progress beyond ordinary types of subjectivity
(measured by the ZLSD).
Twenty-five of 28 subjects were angry at the time of resistance.
It was concluded that resistance was essentially anger for these
subjects. Four difficulties presented by anger for zazen were
discussed: First, anger is physiologically opposite to the physical
state induced by zazen. Second, anger is inherently a desire to
change forcefully a situation, while zazen is essentially a detached,
accepting approach to experiences. Third, anger often arises out of
narcissistic impulses, and always stimulates narcissistic fantasies.
Zen requires abandoning narcissism. Fourth, anger was viewed in this
research as the foundation of the sense of being a separate self.
Zen sees this sense of separate self as a delusion causing
alienation. Although anger obstructs enlightenment, it was
hypothesized that anger and aggression to protect one's survival need
not prevent enlightenment.
Three factors were found necessary for continued psycho-spiritual
development: a knowledge of what the goal of Zen is, an accepting
attitude, and a willingness to relinquish one's personal drama.
Subjects who had developed an accepting attitude and who showed low
resistance to zazen were significantly older than the resentful/angry
subjects (accepting subjects = 45.7 years, resentful/angry subjects =
38.8 years, low resisting subjects = 44.9 years, high resistors =
38.4 years). The older group had apparently successfully negotiated
Levinson's mid-life transition phase (one task of which is resolution
of conflicts over anger). The younger subjects had not yet entered
that phase.
Order No: AAC 8719233 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE IDEA OF THE SACRED IN THE POETRY OF THOMAS MERTON (MONASTICISM)
Author: ALTANY, ALAN
School: UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH (0178) Degree: PHD Date: 1987
pp: 447
Source: DAI-A 48/06, p. 1470, Dec 1987
Subject: RELIGION, GENERAL (0318); LITERATURE, AMERICAN (0591)
Abstract: The meaning of the sacred in the modern world is a
problematic issue. Thomas Merton's understanding of it, as it is
disclosed in the development of his poetry, is based upon a
dialectical and incarnational process. For him the sacred loses its
conceptualized form as it interacts with the reality of the profane.
The true self, not the illusory ego, is the locus for the experience
of this humanized, historical and emptied presence of the sacred.
The entire body of Merton's poetry is examined in the light of
Christian mystical studies. Merton was a contemplative who believed
that a poet needed to be a mystic to some extent. Several key themes
are followed: desert, self and God, pilgrimage, geography, emptiness
and the image of Christ. He was influenced by Christian apophatic
mysticism, Asian religions (Zen Buddhism in particular), monastic
life, social concerns of his times. This analysis yields a much more
catholic interpretation of the sacred than Merton originally had.
Merton is seen to be paradigmatic in several ways. He seeks to be
religious in the modern world as he changed from a medieval mentality
to a modern one. He is an autobiographical pilgrim of the sacred
whose roots in his religious heritage gave him the structure and
understanding to find the sacred in unbelievers as well as in other
religions, making him a paradigm for global ecumenism in a
religiously pluralistic world. He came to see himself as a locus for
East and West, merging his experience with that of others in time and
place. As his idea of the sacred changed, he expressed concern about
the social issues of his times.
Merton's transformed ideal of the sacred placed religious
experience within a social context and stated that the sacred was not
a separate realm of human experience beyond the personal and
historical. Also, he understood poetry to be religious by its nature.
Thomas Merton was a twentieth-century American monk, mystic,
social critic and poet for whom the sacred became no-thing and
thereby everything. The mystical and the worldly unite in his
existential idea of the sacred.
Order No: AAC 8811851 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: THE DESIGN OF ENLIGHTENMENT IN KOAN ZEN
Author: TARRANT, JOHN MAXWELL
School: SAYBROOK INSTITUTE (0795) Degree: PHD Date: 1987
pp: 204
Advisor: BANATHY, BELA
Source: DAI-A 49/04, p. 844, Oct 1988
Subject: RELIGION, GENERAL (0318); PSYCHOLOGY, GENERAL (0621)
Abstract: A map of Zen training and enlightenment is developed using
systems design methods.
Analogues between systems design and Zen are drawn. A design
group for collaborative theory building was formed. Nine experienced
Zen students, including the author, used consensus techniques to
generate a description of enlightenment as a system. Additional
material was drawn from literature and from the author's experience.
Structures and processes of the Zen system are identified. Major
structural features are: Student, koan, teacher, and sesshin. The
Zen student concentrates on the koan to the exclusion of other
concerns. The teacher holds the student to the koan. Important stages
leading to enlightenment are: Existential doubt, which brings the
student to Zen; deep concentration, in which the student is absorbed
in the koan; a catalyst, an ordinary sense impression which breaks up
the concentration; and enlightenment itself. Enlightenment involves
initiation into the depth of Zen and an encounter with the universe,
the teacher and the tradition. A special language centered on the
koan is developed. Enlightenment is operationally defined as the
ability to respond to the teacher's koan questions. Other features
include a sense of one's true identity and, paradoxically, of the
ordinary nature of the insight. Readiness and expectations influence
the emotional tone of the experience. Enlightenment is one event in a
long journey of practice and development after enlightenment is seen
in terms of the psychological concept of presence.
More general theories of enlightenment are considered:
psychological frame-breaking; altered states of consciousness; and
the existential shift--this last providing the best description.
Zen practice is then shown in relation to formal theories of
discontinuous change, namely: Punctuated equilibrium; catastrophe;
and dissipative structures. These are viewed as particular cases
within a general theory of design.
In a dissipative structure a fluctuation from equilibrium is
amplified and leads to an abrupt transformation, a symmetry break,
followed by reorganization at a higher level. This provides an
excellent model for Zen enlightenment. This theory may be useful
further in linking Zen training and existential psychotherapy. Design
is shown as a powerful method for inquiry into consciousness.
Order No: AAC 8720263 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: THE 'CH'AN SCHOOL' AND ITS PLACE IN THE BUDDHIST MONASTIC TRADITION (ZEN, JAPAN, CHINA)
Author: FOULK, THEODORE GRIFFITH
School: THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN (0127) Degree: PHD Date: 1987
pp: 434
Source: DAI-A 48/06, p. 1474, Dec 1987
Subject: RELIGION, HISTORY OF (0320)
Abstract: This dissertation calls into question some of the
fundamental assumptions that inform modern Japanese research into the
history of Ch'an. It examines the ways in which scholars have defined
the Ch'an school as an object of historical study, and traces the
modern conception back to its roots in the T'ang and Sung dynasty
Ch'an annals.
The dissertation challenges the modern scholarly belief that the
Ch'an school in T'ang China was a sectarian entity that developed a
unique set of institutional forms in opposition to the mainstream of
Buddhist monasticism. That belief derives from an ideological
conception of the early Ch'an school that was formulated in the Sung
Ch'an histories, and has been handed down in the Ch'an and Zen
traditions. The dissertation demonstrates the proper historiographic
method for investigating the institutional arrangements of the early
Ch'an school.
Included are a translation and interpretation of the Ch'an-men
kuei-shih, the single most important source for the history of early
Ch'an monastic institutions. A comparative study of this text with
earlier sources shows that many aspects of monastic organization and
practice heretofore deemed the invention of the Ch'an school in fact
had precedents in the mainstream Buddhist tradition.
Order No: AAC 8716120 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: CREATION AND EMPTINESS: TRANSFORMING THE DOCTRINE OF CREATION IN DIALOGUE WITH THE KYOTO SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY
(BUDDHIST)
Author: KRISTIANSEN, ROALD E.
School: EMORY UNIVERSITY (0665) Degree: PHD Date: 1987 pp: 318
Source: DAI-A 48/05, p. 1236, Nov 1987
Subject: THEOLOGY (0469)
Abstract: The primary aim of this dissertation is to see whether the
Mahayana Buddhist notion of Emptiness (sunyata) can contribute to our
understanding of the nature of human existence and how it would bring
about changes in a theological interpretation of the God-world
relationship, i.e., the doctrine of creation.
Chapter I of the dissertation gives an analysis of some central
concepts and ideas developed in the Chinese and Japanese Zen Buddhist
tradition. The chapter seeks to make clear why a nontheistic
tradition like Zen may use absolutist concepts and ideas without
contradicting its basic presuppositions. Chapter II deals with the
philosophy of Nishida Kitaro, the founder of the so-called Kyoto
School of Philosophy, and his followers, Hisamatsu, Nishitani and
Abe. With the exception of Hisamatsu, these thinkers use God-language
quite freely, and the object of the analysis is to find out how the
concept of God is used and what this entails for the theological
interpretation of human existence. The result can be summarized as
follows: 'God' is understood functionally equivalent to the Buddhist
notion of emptiness, sunyata. This does not result in utter
negativity because the 'logic of soku hi ' makes it possible to
affirm positive statements about the world and God.
Chapter III investigates the theological implications of the
Buddhist philosophy with regard to the doctrine of God when one
attempts to take the notion of sunyata seriously for theological
reflection. Chapter IV concludes the project with an attempt to use
the Buddhist logic of soku hi within a theological context which goes
beyond the ordinary division of Christianity and Buddhism as two
distinct religions. By applying the logic of soku hi to reason and
rationality (part 1), time and history (part 2), and to ethics (part
3), I have attempted to show that the Christian faith in God and the
Buddhist insight into reality as empty may benefit the theological
analysis of human existence in a way that transcends traditional
religious barriers and opens up new vistas for future theological
explorations.
Order No: AAC 8616247 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTEREST AND INFLATION RATES IN PRESENT WORTH ANALYSIS FOR EIGHT SELECTED COUNTRIES IN THE PACIFIC BASIN (FINANCE, PAYBACK, DEVELOPING, DISCOUNT, EFFECTIVE)
Author: WANG, YEN-ZEN
School: UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY (0239) Degree: DBA Date: 1986 pp: 113
Source: DAI-A 47/04, p. 1433, Oct 1986
Subject: ECONOMICS, FINANCE (0508)
Abstract: The Problem. The purpose of this research was to evaluate
the relationship between interest and inflation rates and to compare
its stability with discount rate within the framework of present
worth analysis. Eight countries in the Pacific Basin were selected
which included Japan, S. Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, the Philippines,
Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand during the period of 1970 through
1983.
Method. The research method was based on a similar study
conducted by Dr. Remer, et al. in 1981. The collection of data was
based on criteria preestablished for the study and data sources were
identified. Three time-series regression analyses were conducted to
determine how each variable (interest rate, inflation rate and
discount rate) changed over time. A sensitivity analysis was designed
to investigate how much variation there would be as compared to the
variation when inflation and interest rates were ignored. A t-test
was applied to study the extent to which the interest rate would
effectively cancel out inflation rate within Remer and Gastineau's
hypothesis for the eight countries.
Results. The findings indicated that the discount rate is more
stable than the interest and inflation rates in each country over the
studied period. Thus, the local discount rates should be easier to
forecast. Further, significance was observed that when inflation and
interest rates were ignored in present worth analysis, the error
decreased as the discount rate approached the value one. The error
also decreased when the number of years of the analysis was reduced.
Whether interest rate could effectively cancel inflation rate in each
country within Remer and Gastineau's hypothesis was noted as
particularly significant.
Order No: AAC 8612633 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: OKAKURA KAKUZO (1862-1913) AND BOSTON BRAHMINS (JAPAN - UNITED STATES)
Author: TACHIKI, SATOKO FUJITA
School: THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN (0127) Degree: PHD Date: 1986
pp: 205
Source: DAI-A 47/03, p. 1026, Sep 1986
Subject: HISTORY, ASIA, AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA (0332); BIOGRAPHY
(0304); FINE ARTS (0357)
Abstract: This dissertation is a biographical account of Kakuzo
Okakura (1862-1913), a Japanese art and cultural critic who served as
an adviser and a curator of the department of Japanese and Chinese
art at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, from 1903 to 1913. Its main
purposes are to analyze Okakura's aesthetic views, as revealed in his
The Book of Tea and several lectures he delivered both in Japan and
the United States, and to illuminate Okakura's aesthetic and cultural
affinities with those of the Boston Brahmins. Special attention is
paid to his relationship with the art critic Ernest Fenollosa, the
artist John La Farge, and with Isabella Stewart Gardner, a
connoisseur and collector.
The dissertation addresses a number of questions. Why was Okakura
able to find a sympathetic response for his aesthetic ideals, and for
his interest in preserving traditional Japanese culture among the
Boston Brahmins? What were the aesthetic and cultural ideals which
Okakura and the Boston Brahmins shared?
After a close examination of the Okakura's materials, we find,
first, that Okakura's art theory is idealistic and religious in a
sense he stressed the importance of maintaining religious idealism in
art rather than holding the view that art simply reflects the reality
of life. Second, his view is aristocratic. The more he idealized the
mission of the artist as divine, the greater the distance between the
artist and the public who normally cannot appreciate such a divine
work of art. Yet his art theory was democratic in a sense he found
beauty among the simple features and facts of every day life rather
than in complex and expensive productive. Third, Okakura applied an
evolutionary theory to his art theory, believing that art should
develop according to social circumstances, but without neglecting
historical factors.
Okakura's aesthetic idealism, which is based on Zen and Taoist
philosophy, is compatible with the theory of evolution. For the
Boston Brahmins, who were faced with the loss of religious faith due
to Darwin's theory and the rise of mass culture, Okakura's brand of
idealism was particularly attractive.
Order No: AAC 8703831 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: SALVATION IN THE FINAL PERIOD OF THE DHARMA: THE INEXHAUSTIBLE STOREHOUSE OF THE SAN-CHIEH-CHIAO (BUDDHISM, CHINA)
Author: HUBBARD, JAMES BERT
School: THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN - MADISON (0262) Degree: PHD
Date: 1986 pp: 400
Source: DAI-A 48/01, p. 147, Jul 1987
Subject: RELIGION, GENERAL (0318)
Abstract: The symbiotic relationship between state and religion has
been one of the more enduring and fascinating themes in Chinese
history. This dissertation is concerned with one such topic, the
San-chieh-chiao, an extremely popular and influential school of
Chinese Buddhism whose history was nonetheless plagued by persistent
political persecution. The focus of this study is the way in which
the religious doctrine of the San-chieh-chiao reflects the historical
setting of the school and is an attempt to come to grips with the
religious needs of sentient beings living in that setting.
The dissertation is primarily concerned with two areas of
inquiry: (1) a description of the sources and nature of the
San-chieh-chiao belief in mo-fa, the doctrine of the Final Stage of
the Buddhist teachings, a period in which man's capacity for
realization of enlightenment was at its lowest ebb, and (2)
presenting the San-chieh-chiao solution to that dilemma, the practice
of the Inexhaustible Storehouse, the practice which allowed
realization of the potential for complete enlightenment, a potential
believed universal to all sentient beings. The investigation presents
both the historical factors of these teachings as well as their
soteriological significance.
This study shows that the San-chieh-chiao embodies the two main
currents of Sui-T'ang Buddhism, the orientation towards practice of
the Pure Land and Zen schools as well as the syncretic and
sophisticated universalism of the Hua-yen and T'ien-t'ai schools. In
this way the San-chieh-chiao embodied the traditional Buddhist
concern for salvation coupled with an acute sense of the need to
reformulate the teachings to meet the actual needs of the
practitioner.
Order No: AAC 8703096 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: EXISTENCE AND GNOSIS IN THE 'LANKAVATARA-SUTRA' - A STUDY IN THE ONTOLOGY AND EPISTEMOLOGY OF THE YOGACARA SCHOOL OF MAHAYANA BUDDHISM (ZEN, TATHAPATA-PARBHA, CITTAMATRA, CAUSALITY, ALAYA-VIJNANA)
Author: SUTTON, FLORIN GIRIPESCU
School: COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY (0054) Degree: PHD Date: 1986
pp: 335
Source: DAI-A 47/12, p. 4420, Jun 1987
Subject: RELIGION, HISTORY OF (0320); LITERATURE, ASIAN (0305)
Abstract: This study offers an in-depth analysis of the most
important concepts characterizing the Yogacara school of Buddhism,
the last creative stage of philosophical Buddhism in India. The
Lankavatara-Sutra, complied in the second half of the fourth century
A.D., not only represents a comprehensive synthesis of both
H(')inayana and Mahayana philosophical ideas, but it also provided
the doctrinal foundation for the subsequent development of the Zen
schools of China and Japan, following the demise of Buddhism in
India.
Methodologically, the author makes use of a combination of
approaches such as: text-critical (philological),
Buddhist-hermeneutical (philosophical), historical, psychological,
and sociological. Structurally, the study is divided into two major
sections.
The first section opens with an essay on the nature of Buddhist
ontology, at once dynamic, evolutional and transcendental. The
subsequent chapters attempt to clarify three different aspects of
Being, as understood by the Yogacaras, namely its essence (the
Tathagata-garbha concept), its temporal manifestation (the theory of
the five Skandhas, the concept of Self taken as the paradigmatic mode
of existence), and its spatial or cosmic dimension (the
all-encompassing term Dharmadhatu, and its equivalents: Tathata,
Sunyata, Traibhava, etc.). These complex constructs are analyzed with
close attention being paid to their empirical, as well as
trans-empirical components.
The second section presents four epistemological (or rather
gnoseological) concepts, essential to the understanding of the
Yogacaras' soteriology. They are: the Cittamatra doctrine of
'Mind-only,' the five Dharmas ('Knowledge-states'), the system of the
Eight Vijnanas (in which the (')Alaya-vijnana, or the
'Repository-of-impressions,' is contrasted with the seven evolving,
dynamic Pravrti-vijnanas), and the cosmic-philosophical theory of
causatin (Hetu-pratyaya, 'Cause & conditions'). Finally, it is
pointed out that these concepts were devised as meditational aids
toward a religious goal, rather than as philosophical statements
regarding the ultimate nature of reality, which is deemed
transcendent to conceptual language. (Abstract shortened with
permission of author.)
Order No: AAC 8625190 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: A CONCEPTUALIZATION OF SPIRITUALITY FOR SOCIAL WORK: ITS ISSUES AND IMPLICATIONS (RELIGION, CHRISTIAN, JEWISH, BUDDHIST, EXISTENTIALIST)
Author: CANDA, EDWARD R.
School: THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY (0168) Degree: PHD Date: 1986
pp: 218
Source: DAI-A 47/07, p. 2737, Jan 1987
Subject: SOCIAL WORK (0452)
Abstract: Historically, as the social work profession detached
itself from the limitations of sectarian institutions and ideologies,
it neglected explicit consideration of the spiritual aspect of human
needs and experience. Attempts to correct this neglect have furnished
many valuable insights; yet their underlying assumptions and
applicability are usually limited to people who share a particular
belief system. In order to be relevant to social work with people of
diverse belief systems and life styles, as advocated in the Code of
Ethics, the profession needs to develop an understanding of
spirituality that is not limited in scope to any single belief
system. Therefore, this research study was conducted in order to
develop a comprehensive conceptualization of spirituality,
incorporating insights from diverse perspectives, and explicating
issues and implications for social work knowledge, values, and
practice.
The research goal has been accomplished through an exploratory,
qualitative, descriptive methodology designed to stimulate
creativity, insightfulness, and breadth of view during the
conceptualization process. Social work literature analysis compared
and contrasted the fundamental beliefs, values, and practice
implications of Buddhist (Zen), Christian, existentialist, Jewish,
and spiritist (shamanic) perspectives. One-shot intensive interviews
with eighteen anonymous social work scholars who have published or
presented national conference papers on this topic were conducted to
explore issues raised by literature review in greater detail.
Interview transcripts were analyzed according to the constant
comparative method. Insights from the literature review and interview
analysis were converged to develop a comprehensive conceptualization
of spirituality.
Spirituality is conceptualized as the gestalt of the total
process of human life and development, the central dynamic of which
is the person's search for a sense of meaning and purpose through
relationships between self, other people, the nonhuman world, and the
ground of being (as described in theistic, nontheistic, or atheistic
terms). When understood in this way, spirituality is seen to be a
crucial concern for social work with major implications for growth
and change in the profession. These are discussed in relation to the
social work knowledge base, value issues, micro and macro practice,
education, and social research.
Order No: AAC 8602203 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: THE ARCHITECTURE OF ZEN-SECT BUDDHIST MONASTERIES IN JAPAN, 1200-1500
Author: COATS, BRUCE ARTHUR
School: HARVARD UNIVERSITY (0084) Degree: PHD Date: 1985
pp: 585
Source: DAI-A 47/01, p. 3, Jul 1986
Subject: FINE ARTS (0357)
Abstract: Zen-sect Buddhist monasteries were major intellectual and
artistic centers of Japan in the 14th and 15th centuries. When the
Japanese introduced the doctrines of Ch'an Buddhism from China in the
late 12th and early 13th centuries, they also imported the highly
sophisticated and distinctive architectural modes of temple
construction prevalent in the Hangchou area of the Southern Sung. At
first carefully imitating continental building designs and monastic
layouts, the Japanese gradually modified the prototypes to suit their
own institutional needs, architectural traditions, and aesthetic
tastes. This dissertation investigates the process of adoption and
adaptation of Chinese architectural modes in Japan between 1200-1500
and explores the reasons for change.
Using archival materials, illustrations of now-destroyed
structures, and restoration reports on extant buildings, this
dissertation traces the development of Zen monastic architecture from
its roots in China to its fruition in Japan during the 15th century.
Emphasis is placed on Tofuku-ji in Kyoto as a case-study because it
is the only large-scale Zen temple complex erected before 1600 to
survive into modern times. Several of Tofuku-ji's wooden structures
are the only examples in China or Japan of once common building
types. Many documents in its archives are unique records for the
construction and reconstruction of a major monastery. With such
evidence, Tofuku-ji's various changes in configuration can be
carefully chronicled, and the monastery complex is of fundamental art
historical importance.
Order No: AAC 8520307 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: SOCIAL CHANGE AND THE NEW BUDDHISM IN SOUTH CHINA: FA-JUNG (A.D. 594-657) (RELIGION, NANKING, ZEN)
Author: DALIA, ALBERT A.
School: UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII (0085) Degree: PHD Date: 1985
pp: 457
Source: DAI-A 46/07, p. 2045, Jan 1986
Subject: HISTORY, ASIA, AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA (0332)
Abstract: This dissertation examines the life of the Chinese
Buddhist monk Fa-jung (A.D. 594-657), the 'first patriarch' of the
Ox-head Ch'an school, from the perspective of local social history.
Fa-jung was involved in the development of a new form of southern
Buddhism which arose during the period A.D. 550-650.
The information from local gazetteers, imperial histories, and
Buddhist sources provide the materials for a study of the
relationships between Liang, Ch'en, and Sui dynasties society and
southern Buddhism. These changing 'church-state' relationships are
examined from both the Buddhist and imperial perspectives. The
overthrow of the aristocratic classes by the han-men social class is
a major development in sixth century southern society and provides
this study with its major social focus. The development of new forms
of southern Buddhism is considered in relationship to this new social
change in the South.
After evaluating the socio-religious pattern of southern Buddhist
history during the sixth century a study is made of Fa-jung's social
background which determines that his family belonged to the han-men
class. A chapter is devoted to the religious geography of Fa-jung's
residence on the Mount Niu-t'ou range. The following chapter examines
his Buddhist affiliations through an indepth study of the meditation
traditions pursued by members of the southern San-lun school. Two
chapters are then devoted to an investigation of Fa-jung's own
religious behavior in terms of meditation and exegesis. Fa-jung's
career as an exegesis master was closely involved with the Ta chi
ching. The role of the Ta chi ching in Fa-jung's religious life and
in late sixth and early seventh century Chinese Buddhism is studied.
In general, this dissertation views the emergence of Sui-T'ang
Buddhism in south China as the product of that region's contemporary
social and religious trends. Fa-jung, a member of the South's most
important social class and a student of a major new Buddhist school
in the South, represented the interaction of these new forces in
southern China during the early T'ang dynasty.
Order No: AAC 8529907 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: THE PRONOUN 'SVOJ' IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE. (RUSSIAN TEXT)
Author: IOFFE, SOLOMON
School: UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON (0250) Degree: PHD Date: 1985
pp: 119
Source: DAI-A 46/10, p. 3021, Apr 1986
Subject: LANGUAGE, MODERN (0291)
Abstract: In modern Russian, approximately one and the same
situation can be described in three different ways: (1) with the
reflexive possessive pronoun svoj (represented by an asterisk in the
English translations in this abstract); (2) with a personal
possessive pronoun;
and (3) without svoj or a personal possessive pronoun, with a
grammatical zero ((SLASHCIRC)). For example: (UNFORMATTED TABLE
FOLLOWS)
(1) Ja ljublju svoju zenu. 'I love * my wife.'
(2) Ja ljublju moju zenu. 'I love my wife.'
(3) Ja ljublju (SLASHCIRC) zenu. 'I love (SLASHCIRC) my
wife.'
(TABLE ENDS)
All three sentences have the meaning of possession, as shown by
the fact that every one of them can be paraphrased as follows:
(UNFORMATTED TABLE FOLLOWS)
(4) U menja jest' zena, ja jeje ljublju.
'I have a wife, and I love her.'
(TABLE ENDS)
But naturally there remains the question of whether there are
semantic differences among the three sentences. And if there are, are
there contextually determined environments for each?
In the present work we conclude that definitely there are
semantic differences among the three sentences, that by no means are
they three semantically identical ways of expressing one and the same
content.
As for the pronoun svoj, we conclude that distribution of objects
among a set of subjects is fundamental to its meaning. In this
respect
a redundant but syntactically ideal example of the use of svoj is
a compound sentence like (UNFORMATTED TABLE FOLLOWS)
(5) Ja ljublju svoju zenu, ty ljubis' svoju zenu,
on ljubit svoju zenu.
'I love * my wife, you love * your wife, he loves
* his = his own wife.'
(TABLE ENDS)
Less ideal syntactically would be a sentence like (UNFORMATTED
TABLE FOLLOWS)
(6) My ljubim svoix zen.
'We love * our respective wives.'
(TABLE ENDS)
In point of fact, sentence 1 by itself implies that 'I am one of
a number of persons who have wives, whom we love.'
As for the personal possessive pronoun, we conclude that it
reflects uniqueness of the relationship between the subject and the
object. In paraphrase, sentence 2 above indicates that no one else
has a wife like mine.
Finally, the grammatical zero indicates that the relationship of
the object to the subject is taken for granted, as being too obvious
to need mentioning.
Order No: AAC 1326897 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: IRONING SCOTT'S ZEN SUIT. (ORIGINAL POETRY)
Author: MORRIS, CAROL LOUISE
School: MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY (0128) Degree: MA Date: 1985
pp: 79
Source: MAI 24/03, p. 192, Fall 1986
Subject: LITERATURE, MODERN (0298)
Order No: AAC 8519803 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: THE MYSTERIOUS ABYSS OF EXISTENCE: GROUNDWORK FOR THE LIFE OF THE VIRTUOUS SAGE (SPINOZA, EXISTENTIALISM, LAO
TSE, TAOISM, KIERKEGAARD; GERMANY, CHINA, DENMARK)
Author: ART, BRADFORD LEE
School: BROWN UNIVERSITY (0024) Degree: PHD Date: 1985 pp: 368
Source: DAI-A 46/07, p. 1967, Jan 1986
Subject: PHILOSOPHY (0422)
Abstract: What is the 'best' life? How can I live it? Can we live
the narrow line between boredom and anxiety of indecision? between
particularity and universality? between freedom and aloneness?
between authentic creativity and the absurd? The thesis critically
explores the 'world pictures' inherent in different ways of living.
Explicating assumptions of the moral and the 'aesthetic' lives, we
recognize their promise and their shortcomings. Despite apparent
similarities, each vision of living has its own conception of the
self, of others, of time, of freedom, of engagement, and of reality.
A phenomenological explication and critique of ideal character types
allows us to bypass the conceptual misunderstandings of the each
vision. We rediscover the underlying questions and experiences posed
by each vision of living.
The life of the 'virtuous sage' that we offer is derived from a
careful reading of Spinoza's Ethics and Lao Tse's Tao Te Ching. The
'virtuous sage' more directly confronts the question of conceptually
and experientially relating to the self, to others and to reality.
The 'way' of the virtuous sage produces both his freedom and his
valuing attitudes. The virtuous sage's 'way' is open, courageous,
self-knowing, actively patient (wu wei), 'quietly' creating, actively
listening, intuitively and affectively questioning,... Being free,
his beliefs, desires, wants, etc. are harmoniously coincident with
the necessity of reality.
The thesis arises from a diversified intellectual background. It
brings together the clarity of analysis with the questions and
content of existentialism and phenomenology (Kierkegaard, Nietzsche,
Sartre, Buber, etc.), with the aid of historical figures (Spinoza,
Aristotle, Plato, Mill, Kant, Hume) and with the approach of oriental
thought (zen, Lao Tse). Interdisciplinary in scope, the work combines
philosophy and literature, psychology, religion, social-political
theory, and theories of culture.
Order No: AAC 8522842 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: EFFECTS OF THE INTENSIVE ZEN BUDDHIST MEDITATION RETREAT ON ROGERIAN CONGRUENCE AS REAL-SELF/IDEAL-SELF DISPARITY ON THE CALIFORNIA Q-SORT (RELIGION, CATHOLIC)
Author: DE SANTIS, JAMES JOSEPH
School: CALIFORNIA SCHOOL OF PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOLOGY - LOS ANGELES
(0068) Degree: PHD Date: 1985 pp: 187
Source: DAI-B 46/08, p. 2801, Feb 1986
Subject: PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL (0622)
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a possible
effect of meditation, on enhanced real-self/ideal-self congruence
with Q-methodology. Theoretical analysis suggested that meditation
allows into awareness a broader phenomenal base perhaps through the
mechanism of action termed deautomatization, increasing congruence
between experience and awareness. Both overly large and overly small
disparities indicate maladjustment.
The hypothesis was that meditation retreating would produce
moderately high correlation in real-self/ideal-self disparity. A
range previously reported for normal adjusted subjects was the
criterion for optimal adjustment.
The California Q-Sort was used in a pretest-posttest-follow-up
non-equivalent comparison group design. Experienced Zen students on a
week-long meditation retreat were the treatment group. Non-retreating
Zen students and Catholic retreatants were two comparison groups.
Analysis of covariance partialed out differences in pretest
scores and significant subject variables, resulting in statistical
equivalence among groups at posttest and follow-up, reflecting
expected discreteness between Zen Buddhist and Catholic groups.
The Zen retreat did not produce greater change in congruence than
did comparison conditions. At pretest, the Zen experimental group was
within the optimal range of adjustment. The Zen comparison group was
slightly below and the Catholic comparison group was slightly above
the range. At posttest and follow-up, both Zen groups showed optimal
correlations. The Catholic group increased in correlation suggesting
some defensiveness and repression. Zen practitioners were concluded
to be somewhat better adjusted than Catholic retreatants.
Among a number of significant subject variables, age appeared to
reflect broader generational differences between Catholic and Zen
Buddhist practitioners. Also, Zen subjects appeared more
retreat-oriented than Catholic subjects. On the other hand, Catholics
and Zen Buddhists both reported involvement in regular, daily
meditation.
The groups endorsed ideal characteristics suggesting consistent,
personal attention to philosophical matters. In addition, Zen
students idealized selflessness, giving, and consideration of others,
while Catholic retreatants idealized cheerfulness, calmness, and
internal consistency. These differences between groups perhaps
reflect differences in religious ideals.
Order No: AAC 8502629 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: ZEN IN THE ART OF DISSERTATION WRITING: A
PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY OF SELF-DISCOVERY THROUGH THE DISSERTATION PROCESS
Author: WARREN, DAVID J.
School: PACIFIC GRADUATE SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY (0621) Degree: PHD
Date: 1985 pp: 235
Source: DAI-B 46/01, p. 292, Jul 1985
Subject: PSYCHOLOGY, GENERAL (0621)
Abstract: As wisdom and self-understanding have since ancient times
been associated with suffering, one might ask whether the doctoral
dissertation--such a sell-known cause of suffering--is a source of
self-understanding to the clinical psychologist in training.
Scattered studies on the dissertation suggest that self-understanding
is a side benefit of the process, but there are no systematic studies
showing how it comes about.
In the absence of theoretical guidance, a
hermeneutical-phenomenological method appeared suited to an initial
reflexive study of increasing self-understanding through the
dissertation process. Unstructured interviews of eleven doctoral
candidates and alumni from four professional schools of psychology
brought hidden aspects of my own unfolding dissertation experience to
light and identified essentials from among accidental features.
Students said they gained self-understanding, but since self is
outside the field of experience, reflective interpretation of the
interviews was required to show how the gain in self-understanding
takes place.
The interpretation revealed that although few students actively
seek self-discovery through the dissertation, most find it. Though it
is commonly believed that the research question is a projection of an
unresolved personal issue and a ground for self-discovery, I found
that the student's personal growth as often arises from some aspect
of the process of the research.
A crisis, which develops in the struggle to become a contributor
to the field, gives rise to self-discovery. Personal meanings are
clarified in the effort to gain social membership by making a
research contribution. The self-awareness gained is not articulated
through reflection by the student; it takes the prereflective form of
a narrative, or story, of coming through the crisis. The story is
woven into the fabric of an ever-changing personal myth, providing an
enriched ground for future life experiences.
The hermeneutical/phenomenological method, indispensable to this
study, was experienced as relevant to clinical work; that is, it
employs the researcher's own experience as the instrument. Modifying
the research question as the understanding of the phenomenon unfolded
was an effective research strategy, one which was congruent with the
natural unfolding of human interest and understanding.
Order No: AAC 8520178 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: ZIBO ZHENKE: A BUDDHIST LEADER IN LATE MING CHINA (CHAN, ZEN)
Author: CLEARY, JONATHAN CHRISTOPHER
School: HARVARD UNIVERSITY (0084) Degree: PHD Date: 1985
pp: 438
Source: DAI-A 46/07, p. 1976, Jan 1986
Subject: RELIGION, HISTORY OF (0320)
Abstract: Zibo Zhenke (1543-1604) was an influential figure in the
reinvig- oration of Buddhism in late sixteenth century China. Coming
forth from within the Chan tradition, Zibo travelled and taught
widely, and had contacts with members of the social elite as well as
with the commoners. He organized patronage for the restoration of
many Buddhist temples, and for the printing of the Buddhist Canon in
book form that could circulate more widely. Zibo emphasized the
practical and theoretical unity of Chan and the Scriptural Teachings.
Besides the Chan classics, his teaching drew on such scriptures as
the (')Surangama and Avatamsaka, and made use of the study systems
and analyses of the Tiantai and Consciousness Only traditions. Zibo
also accepted the reciting of dharan(')i and Pure Land buddha-name
invocation as legitimate approaches when carried on in the proper
frame of mind. Teaching in a time when notions derived from Buddhist
ideas were very widely diffused throughout Chinese society, Zibo
worked to clarify the true Buddhist essence to be found within a
variety of current religious forms. He criticized certain misguided
derivatives from Buddhism then prevalent, such as repudiating the
Buddhist scriptures in the name of Chan, or accepting conditioned
subjective awareness as the mind of enlightenment. Zibo knew
Confucianism and Taoism, and was not averse to making use of their
terminology to advance Buddhist ideas or to point out common- alities
among the three teachings. The guiding framework of Zibo's teaching
was thoroughly Buddhist, and he thought that Buddhism went beyond the
other two by far as a practical method for tran- scendence and
compassionate return. Nevertheless, Buddhism in its many forms,
Confucianism, or Taoism could all be effective, in Zibo's view,
depending on the true sincerity of the learner and contact with true
teachers. From Zibo's teaching words, showing the state of the art of
Chinese Buddhism circa 1600, no 'qualitative decline' or 'loss of
intellectual vigor' is obvious in comparison with earlier greats in
the tradition.
Order No: AAC 8408274 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: 'EDUCATION THROUGH THE PHYSICAL,' A RECONCEPTUALIZATION BASED ON ANALYSIS OF YOGA, ZEN, AND KENDO LITERATURE
Author: COVILLE, CLAUDIA ANN
School: STANFORD UNIVERSITY (0212) Degree: PHD Date: 1984
pp: 189
Source: DAI-A 45/01, p. 116, Jul 1984
Subject: EDUCATION, PHYSICAL (0523)
Abstract: The objective of this study was to offer educational
theorists, and especially physical education theorists, a direction
of thinking which incorporated perspectives found in Yoga, Zen, and
Kendo literature. Such an objective was considered consistant with
other work in educational theory known as 'reconceptualization.' The
particular focus of the study was to reconceptualize the direction of
thinking in physical education referred to as 'education through the
physical.'
'Education through the physical' orientations found in physical
education literature of the past sixty years were reviewed to
establish the primary directions of thinking. Selected Yoga, Zen, and
Kendo literature was then analysed for the direction of thinking
pertaining to their 'Ways,' which could be seen as an 'education
through the physical.' Reconceptualization of 'life,' 'human nature,'
'consciousness,' 'Self-realization,' and 'education,' was undertaken
through comparative analysis of the Yoga-Zen-Kendo and physical
education directions of thinking. On the basis of this general
reconceptualization, 'education through the physical' was
specifically reconceptualized, and an initial teaching progression of
fencing skills was developed based upon this reconceptualization.
The general reconceptualization can be summarized by the
following statement: The purpose of life, and the continuance of
human society, is based in humans realizing their nature; this nature
to be fully realized requires transcendence of the habitually present
relative modes of consciousness into non-relative consciousness
modes. Education is required to guide humans beyond the habitual
relative modes into the non-relative modes. The specific
reconceptualization of the 'education through the physical' direction
of thinking can be summarized by: This particular curriculum
orientation has as its aim Self-realization (self-realization can
occur through relative consciousness modes, Self-realization also
requires the non-relative consciousness modes). This aim is based in
the belief that Self-realization is essential for all other
integrated knowledge acquisition. The primary objective in the
'education (Self-realization) through the physical' curriculum would
be guidance of students to non-relative modes of consciousness
through physical activities.
Order No: AAC 8508797 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: DIRECTIONAL OCEAN SPECTRA BY THREE-DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT TIME SERIES
Author: SU, TAR-ZEN
School: UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII (0085) Degree: PHD Date: 1984
pp: 95
Source: DAI-B 46/02, p. 610, Aug 1985
Subject: ENGINEERING, MARINE AND OCEAN (0547)
Abstract: The directionality of ocean waves is considered as the
most problem area of today's wave measurement technology. In 1982 the
University of Hawaii Ocean Engineering Department began a research
project 'Engineering Development of a Directional Wave Spectrum
Measurement System for OTEC Applications' to address this problem. A
new technology was developed in this research. This technology uses
acoustic signals to determine the trajectory of a floating buoy which
simulates the movement of a surface water particle.
Transfer functions of the three-dimensional displacement time
series are used to describe the wave kinematics. The described wave
kinematics are directly applied to calculate hydrodynamic loading.
Cospectra and quadrature spectra determine the directional
distribution function. The resultant directional distribution
function is used to predict the directional progression of ocean
waves.
Order No: AAC 8419033 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: SURFACE TO ESSENCE: APPROPRIATION OF THE ORIENT BY MODERN DANCE
Author: WHEELER, MARK FREDERICK
School: THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY (0168) Degree: PHD Date: 1984
pp: 320
Source: DAI-A 45/06, p. 1836, Dec 1984
Subject: HISTORY, MODERN (0582); EDUCATION, PHYSICAL (0523)
Abstract: In 1898 Isadora Duncan indicted ballet as unnatural, as a
cerebral system divorced from the soul and body of the dancer. In so
doing Duncan inaugurated modern dance. Due to its progressive,
nature-based birthright from Duncan, modern dance has been in a
unique position to contribute to the West's increased understanding
of the East. Ruth St. Denis' obsession with the Orient insured that
elements of the Eastern world would figure in the development of
modern dance. In an era of popular entertainment in which superficial
rendering of Oriental movement, dress, and decor were standard fare,
St. Denis gave the style of the East serious stage treatment.
Martha Graham explored the full potential lying in the Oriental
legacy of St. Denis and Denishawn, her technique retaining much of
the Eastern line St. Denis popularized in the West and her
breath-inspired 'contraction-release' first objectifying that credo
Duncan had been able to state only subjectively: movement is
initiated from the CENTER. Graham's borrowing from Japanese Noh and
Kabuki in her dance theatre's treatment of time set the stage for
Merce Cunningham's theatre of the moment which, in turn, spawned
Zen-influenced post-modern dance. Graham technique, along with Zen
and Todd-Sweigard theory, influenced the technique of Erick Hawkins,
which subsequently offered much to a cult of self-awareness through
movement.
In the seventies these trends--that toward dance as commual
activity and that toward dance as self-actualizing therapy--merged in
such non-presentational forms as Contact Improvisation and the t'ai
chi ch'uan-inspired circle dances of Deborah Hay. Contemporary modern
dancers gain acquaintance with the concepts of yin-yang balance, chi
flow, and a general Oriental vision of the universe as an
interrelated totality through practice in yoga, meditation, and
Oriental martial arts, enhanced by a background in kinesiology and
psychology. Running parallel to the assimilation of East by West in
the holistic health era of the nineteen eighties are instances of
classical ballet-flower of the mechanistic, dualistic West--being
influenced by the organic and experiential thrust of a modern dance
still looking Eastward.
Order No: AAC 8429742 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: IN THE PRESENCE OF TRADITION: SPECULATIVE CATHOLIC THEOLOGY IN MODERN AMERICA
Author: STOCKWELL, MARY ELIZABETH
School: THE UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO (0232) Degree: PHD Date: 1984
pp: 316
Source: DAI-A 45/10, p. 3200, Apr 1985
Subject: HISTORY, UNITED STATES (0337)
Abstract: This dissertation studies the development of Catholic
theology in modern America during the last fifty years. Its themes
are the meeting of Catholicism and the modern world, and the meeting
of American Catholic theologians themselves with their own
traditions. The first three chapters on Thomas Merton, the liturgical
revival and biblical theology deal with these two themes prior to the
Second Vatican Council. Merton was convinced that it was the
spiritual traditions of Catholicism which could be most meaningful to
the modern world. Liturgical scholars placed their hopes in a
sacramental revival, while biblical theologians placed theirs in form
criticism.
But during the period of the late 1960s and early 1970s, many
American Catholic theologians came to doubt if any bridges could be
built between Catholicism and the modern world. Ecumenical scholars
gave up all hopes of reunion with Protestant churches under the sway
of 'death of God' theologians, and found a greater affinity with Zen
Buddhism and the Orthodox Christian churches. Many radical Catholic
theologians turned against both the Church's ancient symbolic
language and moderate social philosophy as woefully behind the times.
Radicals such as Rosemary Radford Ruether even advocated the complete
destruction of the antiquated Catholic Church in order to release the
revolutionary Christian spirit long pent up within it.
However in recent years, American Catholic theologians have
rediscovered the relevance of their own spiritual traditions. David
Tracy has discovered that Catholic thought can be described in terms
of the 'analogical imagination' which seeks unity in diversity. Many
theologians have found that such forgotten fields as Mariology and
hagiography are still meaningful in the modern world. Others like
Avery Dulles find greatest meaning in a reinvigorated ecclesiology.
Still others like John Dunne are attempting to understand the
mysteries of the Catholic faith against the background of the deeper
mysteries of human existence. Finally, the Cistercian order has
returned to a study of contemplation as Merton long before advocated.
Thus in the words of Dutch theologian Edward Schillebeeckx, American
Catholic theologians once again feel themselves in the presence of a
wider tradition leading back to Christ and his Apostles.
Order No: AAC 8621750 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: W. B. YEATS: POETRY AS MEDITATION (IRELAND)
Author: BARKER, VARA SUE TAMMINGA
School: THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN (0227) Degree: PHD
Date: 1984 pp: 318
Source: DAI-A 47/06, p. 2165, Dec 1986
Subject: LITERATURE, ENGLISH (0593); BIOGRAPHY (0304)
Abstract: Throughout his lifetime,Yeats claimed that poetry was a
form of meditation. As his early poetry suggests, he first approached
meditation as a window into an ethereal, supernatural dimension.
However, his extensive studies in Hermetic and Eastern meditative
traditions encouraged him to use meditation as a way of embracing
nature. This deeper view of meditation actually helped him fill his
later poetry with a joyous exaltation of natural, human experience.
Yeats spent a lifetime struggling with and finally breaking
through our traditional Western preconceptions about mysticism. Most
critics, however, judge his work with those same preconceptions.
While they acknowledge Yeats's early focus on mystical vision, they
see his eventual distain for 'disembodied essences' as a rejection of
meditation. In fact, Yeats dismissed the saint's otherworldly
approach to meditation and began to use meditation instead as a path
to wholeness, to the fully integrated life which he portrayed in the
cosmic wheel of A Vision. In the middle poetry, he tried to create
that integration through mediation, using poetry and meditation as
ways of vacillating between two separate levels of reality, the
natural and the supernatural. However, Yeats finally moved beyond a
dualistic world view and found in philosophies such as Zen Buddhism a
way of retaining the power of polarity while plunging into the
eternal oneness inherent in natural experience. Most critics see the
focus on nature in Yeats's late poetry as a final rejection of his
metaphysics or as evidence of an endless and frustrating vacillation
between 'Self' and 'Soul.' My study of Yeats's meditative search will
help to illumine the motivation behind his early and middle poetry;
but, hopefully, it will encourage us as well to appreciate the
intimate power of his late poetry as the final achievement of his
meditative and artistic life.
Order No: AAC 8428338 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: A HEALING ART: AUTOBIOGRAPHY AND THE POETICS OF CRISIS
Author: TIECHERT, MARILYN CHANDLER
School: PRINCETON UNIVERSITY (0181) Degree: PHD Date: 1984
pp: 296
Source: DAI-A 45/10, p. 3130, Apr 1985
Subject: LITERATURE, MODERN (0298)
Abstract: Many post-World War I autobiographies focus upon episodes
of crisis. In a century torn by strife, autobiography provides a way
of recovering from crisis and restructuring reality. It can become a
healing act, involving the writer in a regenerative 'wrestle with
words and meanings.'
Certain literary problems are endemic to crisis narratives. The
first is to find words for the 'inexpressible.' Solutions to this
problem range from redefinition of terms by subversion to attempts to
make silence an essential part of the text--to 'speak silence,' as
Elie Wiesel has put it.
Narrative perspective is another crucial issue in autobiography
considered as a healing act. The stance a writer assumes in relation
to his past determines the efficacy of autobiography as a means of
recovery. Haling may be measured by the degree of authority, irony,
and imaginative transformation the writer brings to bear upon the raw
facts of experience.
Form is a third crucial issue in crisis narratives. Narrative
structures tend to be governed by tradition and convention and
therefore to exclude those experiences that do not lend themselves to
conventional shaping. Narrative forms can, however become symbols of
wholeness, providing an author with a gestalt that allows him to
perceive the experience anew. Modern autobiographers have
experimented widely with the possibilities of narrative form as a
means of restructuring consciousness and reflecting radical change.
In this study seven post-World War I autobiographies, all
regarded by the authors as acts of healing, are presented as examples
of crisis narratives: Vera Brittain's Testament of Youth; Elie
Wiesel's Night; Christa Wolf's Kindheitsmuster; C.S. Lewis's A Grief
Observed; Peter Handke's Wunschloses Unglueck; Adrienne Rich's Of
Woman Born; and Robert Pirsig's Zen and the Art of Motorcycle
Maintenance. These narratives address the problems of finding words
for the inexpressible, form for the chaotic, and a way out of
isolation and despair back into the human community through writing.
Each demonstrates how therapy and art merge in autobiography, and
how, in this genre in particular, literature acts back upon life.
Order No: AAC 8513647 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: A DIALECTICAL DEVELOPMENT OF KIERKEGAARD'S STAGES OF EXISTENCE AND BUBER'S DIALOGICAL WAY OF LIFE (ZEN
BUDDHISM)
Author: MORRIS, THOMAS FRED
School: THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY (0008) Degree: PHD Date: 1984
pp: 222
Source: DAI-A 46/05, p. 1302, Nov 1985
Subject: PHILOSOPHY (0422)
Abstract: Existence, according to Kierkegaard, consists of a series
of processes in which we accept or reject various teloi. His stages
of existence pertain to the different ways in which we can accept or
reject teloi: we can do so according to aesthetic, ethical, or
religious criteria. An explanation of these stages is first
presented, and then they are illustrated with examples from
Kierkegaard's work (Don Juan, the unhappiest man, the married man of
Stages on Life's Way, Socrates, an outing in the Deer Park, and
Abraham). It is then argued that Buber knows of another way of
existing, that of saying 'Thou'. Instead of appropriating something
as a means to some future telos, one can turn toward that thing
simply for the sake of being related to it in the present, without
ulterior motive. This allows for two additional ways of accepting
teloi on the basis of religious criteria, which, together with saying
'Thou', constitute the dialogical way of life. In this way the
exposition of Kierkegaard's thought provides a structure through
which to appreciate the significance of Buber's.
Order No: AAC 8410829 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: THE FORMATIVE EXPERIENCE OF WAITING: MOVING FROM LIVING IN ILLUSION TO LIVING WITH REALITY
Author: LEWIS, LAWRENCE JOSEPH
School: DUQUESNE UNIVERSITY (0067) Degree: PHD Date: 1984
pp: 1435
Source: DAI-A 45/02, p. 546, Aug 1984
Subject: PHILOSOPHY (0422)
Abstract: The essence of this work is an explication of how the
formative experience of waiting can move people from living in
illusion to living with reality. Experience discloses how frustrating
waiting can be. Times of waiting disrupt the course of daily life and
remind people that they are not in ultimate control of their daily
life formation process.
The research methodology employed in this work is that developed
by The Institute of Formative Spirituality through the Science of
Foundational Formation. The experience of waiting is researched in a
five-step component structure through the following horizons: (1)
Universal Human; (2) Oriental Formation Tradition of Zen Buddhism;
and (3) Christian Formation Tradition. The research findings are then
applied to the life of Christian foreign missioners. The final
methodological procedure is to offer a practical application of the
research. The application offered herein addresses the population of
Christian foreign missioners who have returned from overseas service
for a period of renewal, be it of a personal or a spiritual nature.
The results of the research undertaken in this work disclose that
the experience of waiting is formative when it evokes a harmonization
between the finite and the infinite dimensions of human existence.
While people wait, these two dimensions, characteristic of all
humans, are brought into awareness. When the experience of waiting is
formative, people are trapped in neither the finite nor the infinite
dimension, but, rather, accept the opportunity to harmonize these two
dimensions and transcend the illusion to live with the reality that
life is ambiguous and open ended.
Order No: AAC 1324295 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: POLYBLENDS OF POLYVINYL-CHLORIDE WITH CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENE AND ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE.
Author: CHUANG, WEI-ZEN, LIN
School: UNIVERSITY OF LOWELL (0111) Degree: MS Date: 1984
pp: 128
Source: MAI 23/02, p. 307, Summer 1985
Subject: PLASTICS TECHNOLOGY (0795)
Order No: AAC 8428332 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: ZEN MASTER DAITO (JAPAN)
Author: KRAFT, KENNETH LEWIS
School: PRINCETON UNIVERSITY (0181) Degree: PHD Date: 1984
pp: 376
Source: DAI-A 45/09, p. 2902, Mar 1985
Subject: RELIGION, HISTORY OF (0320)
Abstract: About seven centuries ago Ch'an (Chinese Zen) took root in
Japan. A pioneer of this great cultural movement was the Japanese
Zen master Daito (1282-1337), the subject of this study. Daito
appeared just as the Zen institution was passing into the hands of
native Japanese monks. Among the eminent masters who did not make a
pilgrimage to China, Daito was the first to establish a major
monastery. He also contributed significantly to the Japanese
understanding of Ch'an, by writing extensive commentaries on Ch'an
classics. No comparable works survive from the medieval period.
Eventually Daito's religious lineage became the dominant branch of
Rinzai Zen in Japan. The monastery he founded, Daitokuji, remains
influential today.
Daito's commentaries reveal his willingness to interpret Ch'an
from within the tradition; his understanding of the Ch'an approach to
language; his esteem for koans; and his sensitivity to the dangers of
scholasticism and sanctification. In these interpretive works Daito
relied on a genre called capping phrases (agyo, jakugo). Capping
phrases are pithy responses that express one's Zen understanding.
They enabled Daito to interpret Ch'an classics without subverting
them through discursive explanations.
The Zen world of Daito's period is introduced in Chapter I, 'The
Japanese Reception of Ch'an.' The next two chapters, 'Daito's Early
Zen Training' and 'Daito and the Founding of Daitokuji,' trace
Daito's career as Zen monk and Zen master. Selections from Daito's
career as Zen monk and Zen master. Selections from Daito's career as
Zen monk and Zen master. Selections from Daito's capping phrase
commentaries are translated in Chapter IV, 'Daito's Capping Phrases.'
That material is discussed in a final chapter, 'Interpreting Daito's
Capping Phrases.' Patterns of capping phrase usage are analyzed in
order to demonstrate aspects of Daito's Zen. A complete translation
of an early and influential biography of Daito, The Chronicle of
Daito Kokushi, appears as an appendix.
Order No: AAC 8421485 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: THE EVOLVEMENT OF 'YIMOKO III': ZEN DANCE CHOREOGRAPHY
Author: LEE, SUN-OCK
School: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY (0146) Degree: DA Date: 1984
pp: 190
Source: DAI-A 45/08, p. 2306, Feb 1985
Subject: THEATER (0465)
Abstract: 'Yimoko I, II, III and IV' is the embodiment of Zen Dance
which is the life work of the choreographer. This study deals with
the development of 'Yimoko III,' as it was performed in 1983. 'Yimoko
III' consisted of three parts: Part I was a lecture-demonstration on
the principles of Zen Dance, including the philosophy of Zen Dance,
the meditation technique involved, and the aesthetics of Zen Dance.
Part II, 'Dance Meditation,' was designed as an exercise for Zen
Dance preparation. Part III, 'Rebellion and Harmony,' was an actual
performance meant to represent abstractly a husband and wife's
interaction in the process of moving from conflicts of opinion toward
harmony. Videotapes of 'Yimoko I, II, and III' are included as part
of the documentation for this dissertation.
In order to illuminate the development of 'Yimoko III,' the
researcher has chosen to present an overview of the influence of Zen
and Buddhism on some of the performing arts in Japan, Korea, and the
United States beginning with the influence of Zeami and the No play
of Japan, continuing with the Buddhist ritual chakpup and pomp'ae
(song and dance) in Korea, and finally appearing in the present-day
choreography of Erick Hawkins and Al Huang in the United States.
One cannot discuss the goals of Zen Dance without at the same
time referring to Zen Dance method or technique. One of the two
foundations of this method is keeping the following question in mind
at all times: 'Yimoko?--or What is my true self?' Tanjun breathing
(breathing from the lower abdomen or center of gravity) is the other
pillar on which Zen Dance is founded. The dancer must maintain
concentration on the Tanjun area throughout the entire performance.
These two principles of Zen Dance are indivisible from one another.
One of the basic tenets of Zen Dance is true simplicity, a focus
on moment-to-moment existence. Zen Dance is not a special form of
Zen; it is, rather, a part of everyday Zen practice, whether one is
sitting in meditation or dancing, and is perhaps more correctly
described as Dance Meditation.
Order No: AAC 8400952 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: STUDIES OF THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF MUREIN LIPOPROTEIN IN ESCHERICHIA COLI: CLONING AND DNA SEQUENCING OF WILD-TYPE AND MUTANT LPP ALLELES
Author: GIAM, JOE CHOU-ZEN
School: THE UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT (0056) Degree: PHD
Date: 1983 pp: 114
Source: DAI-B 44/09, p. 2658, Mar 1984
Subject: BIOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY (0410)
Abstract: The structural gene for the murein lipoprotein (lpp) in
Escherichia coli has been cloned on an integration proficient
lambdoid phage vector, (lamda)540. The lpp gene resides on a 10kb
HindIII restriction fragment and was selected based on its ability to
complement the lipoprotein deficiency in an E. coli mutant deleted
for the lpp gene. A deletion of approximately 2kb in size was
introduced into the 10kb HindIII insert carried by the (lamda)540 lpp
recombinant phage DNA. The deletion spans the lpp region but allows
the lpp flanking sequences to be retained. The phage with the 2kb
deletion surrounding the lpp region ((lamda)d2) and the (lamda)540
lpp phage were then used to cloned various mutant lpp alleles by
homologous recombination. A single XbaI restriction site residing
within the coding region of the ribosomal binding site of lpp mRNA
permits the subcloning of the lpp structural gene without its
expression on a multiple-copy plasmid vector pACYC184. DNA sequence
analysis of various mutant lpp alleles demonstrates that first, the
charge and the formation of a unique secondary structure in residues
14-18 of the prolipoprotein signal sequence is important for the
recognition and modification of prolipoprotein by the glyceryl
transferase; second, the processing of the glyceride-containing
prolipoprotein probably occurs post-translationally, and the
COOH-terminus sequence of lipoprotein plays a role in the
modification and/or processing of the prolipoprotein.
Order No: AAC 8314839 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES OF THE RESONANCE RAMAN SPECTRA OF BETA-CAROTENE: TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE EFFECTS
Author: HO, ZONH-ZEN
School: ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY (0010) Degree: PHD Date: 1983
pp: 149
Source: DAI-B 44/02, p. 508, Aug 1983
Subject: CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL (0494)
Abstract: In part I, the resonance Raman excitation profiles of
(beta)-carotene in isopentane solution have been measured at low
temperature, room temperature and room pressure. These data have been
fit to a model with three active modes and low frequency modes in the
role of the reservoir. We assume that the low frequency modes have an
average frequency (omega) and an average linear displacement
(DELTA)(,A). This model lends to the observed breadth in the
absorption and excitation profile spectra without use of an
unrealistically large damping constant.
The low temperature measurements were done at 118(DEGREES)K, just
above the freezing point of isopentane, using both Argon ion laser
lines as well as lines from a stilbene 3 dye laser. The excitation
profiles for (nu)(,1)(1525 cm('-1)), (nu)(,2)(1155 cm('-1)),
(nu)(,3)(1005 cm('-1)), overtone and combination bands have been
measured. The 298(DEGREES)K measurements were also carried out with
the same excitation laser frequencies as in the low temperature
experiment.
An expression for the resonance Raman scattering intensity using
the displaced oscillator model has been developed. For this case, we
have used this model with three active modes, (nu)(,1), (nu)(,2),
(nu)(,3), and a reservoir of low frequency modes at (omega). This
model was fit to the low temperature absorption data with the
following parameters: dimensionless displacement (DELTA)(,1) = 1.2,
(DELTA)(,2) = 0.9 and (DELTA)(,3) = 0.7, (omega) = 100 cm('-1),
homogeneous damping constant (gamma) = 50 cm('-1) and S = (N -
3)(DELTA)('2)(,A)/2 = 9, the coupling constant. Using the same set of
parameters, we have successfully fit the absorption spectra and the
resonance Raman excitation profiles at both low temperature and room
temperature.
In Part II, the first measurements of the effect of pressure on
the resonance Raman excitation profile of a molecule are reported.
The measurement on (beta)-carotene were done at 70 Kbar and
298(DEGREES)K in a diamond anvil cell in a pentane-isopentane 1:1
solution. At this pressure the absorption band is red shifted about
3000 cm('-1). The measurements were done using Rhodamine 6G, Coumarin
7 and Argon laser excitation. The excitation profile for (nu)(,1)
(now at 1550 cm('-1)) and (nu)(,2) (now at 1179 cm('-1)) have been
measured. There is a large red shift similar to the absorption
spectrum. A theoretical model based on displaced harmonic oscillators
which includes both pressure and temperature effects has been used to
analyze the absorption data as well as the excitation profiles. There
are no large changes in the linear coupling parameters produced by
pressure.
Order No: AAC 8409096 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: THERMODYNAMICS OF PHASE SEPARATION IN AQUEOUS POLYMER - SURFACTANT - ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS (ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY)
Author: SHEU, JI-ZEN
School: THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY (0176) Degree: PHD
Date: 1983 pp: 271
Source: DAI-B 45/01, p. 284, Jul 1984
Subject: ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL (0542)
Abstract: The phase behavior of solutions containing
polymer-surfactants-electrolytes and water is of importance to a
number of applications such as enhanced oil recovery. A large number
of variables can affect the phase behavior of polymer-surfactant
solution. They include the surfactant equivalent weight, surfactant
concentration, type of surfactant, electrolyte concentration, type of
electrolyte, polymer molecular weight, polymer concentration, type of
polymer, any additives introduced and the temperature. The main goal
of this research is to develop a thermodynamic model to describe
solution phase behavior, taking into account the molecular
characteristics of the polymer, surfactant and electrolyte molecules.
Also, a few phase diagrams are experimentally determined to compare
against the theoretical calculations.
The experimental work involved a study of the effect of the
following variables on the phase behavior of polymer-surfactant
solution: surfactant equivalent weight, surfactant concentration, and
electrolyte concentration. Investigations have been carried out for
alkyl sulfonate/sulfate surfactants (equivalent weights in the range
174 to 572) and anionic (Pusher 700 and Flocon) and nonionic (POE
4,000,000) polymers (at 1500 ppm concentration of polymer).
A thermodynamic model that can describe the phase behaviors of
polymer-surfactant-electrolyte solutions is developed here on the
basis of a polymer solution theory (the Lattice Fluid model of
Sanchez and Lacombe) serving as the framework and using the concept
of pseudosolvent (composed of surfactant, electrolyte and water)
which reduces the four-component system into a two-pseudocomponent
system. The phase diagrams calculated by the present thermodynamic
model are compared against the phase behavior experimentally
determined in the present study. Satisfactory agreement between the
theoretical and experimental phase diagrams is found. In addition,
the Pseudosolvent Model predicts all the qualitative trends observed
by other workers from their experimental studies.
Order No: AAC 8325182 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: RADIATIVE AND CONVECTIVE TRANSFER IN A CYLINDRICAL ENCLOSURE FOR A REAL GAS UTILIZING THE ZONE METHOD
Author: SHEN, ZEN-FA
School: THE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA (0096) Degree: PHD Date: 1983
pp: 185
Source: DAI-B 44/07, p. 2219, Jan 1984
Subject: ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL (0548)
Abstract: Interaction of radiative and convective transfer is
presented for hydrodynamically fully developed, laminar or turbulent
flow of a radiatively participating gas through a black wall circular
duct with a specified wall temperature or heat flux distribution. Gas
and wall temperature or wall heat flux distributions are sought
utilizing the zone method. Gas radiative properties are described by
the weighted sum of gray gases model with absorption coefficients and
weighting factors available for carbon dioxide, water vapor, and
mixtures of these gases. The analysis demonstrates that temperature
or wall heat flux distributions depend on the boundary conditions and
several parameters, namely, the Boltzmann number, gas conduction to
radiation factor, volumetric heat generation, turbulent Prandtl
number, length to inside tube diameter ratio, and gas radiative
properties. Results are presented for representative values of the
governing parameters and different boundary conditions to demonstrate
effects of both heating and cooling of the gas and wall. Effects of
zone sizes and radiant distance are also examined. Several limiting
cases are reported to examine the contributions of the various energy
transport mechanisms between the gas and wall. Heat generation in the
gas volumes is presented to simulate a combustion process. Different
gas species are presented to demonstrate the effects of gas radiative
properties on the gas and wall temperature or heat flux
distributions. For practical values of parameters as found in a
combustion chamber it is shown that radiative heat transfer is a
major heat transfer mechanism, accelerates the thermal development,
and results in more uniform gas temperature profiles.
Order No: AAC 8406840 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: HAIKU GENRE: THE NATURE AND ORIGINS OF ENGLISH HAIKU (IMAGISTS, POETRY, AESTHETICS; JAPAN)
Author: RECORD, ALISON KIRBY
School: INDIANA UNIVERSITY (0093) Degree: PHD Date: 1983
pp: 269
Source: DAI-A 44/12, p. 3679, Jun 1984
Subject: LITERATURE, COMPARATIVE (0295)
Abstract: This study treats the historical development and aesthetic
nature of the English-language haiku and compares it to its Japanese
prototype. An essential concern of this research is to reveal the
importance and prevalence of the classical Japanese haiku as a
significant influence on modern Anglo-American poetry, starting with
Ezra Pound and the Imagists. Another objective of the work is to
clarify the nature of developments in English-language haiku from the
early Imagist period to the present. Examples of English haiku are
contrasted with the aesthetic principles of the classical Japanese
haiku, which is analyzed in detail. More specifically, the study
addresses the problems faced by a poet who attempts to adapt a highly
sophisticated poetic genre to a linguistic medium and literary
tradition which are strikingly different from those of the original.
Among the many issues discussed are the uses of metaphor and
imagery in classical and English haiku, the principles underlying the
five-seven-five haiku form, and the relationship between haiku method
and Zen aesthetics. The conclusion reached in this inquiry is that
English haiku can survive as a unique poetic genre only if the poets
writing it achieve a deeper understanding of the principles which
guided the classical haiku poets of Japan. Since the majority of
haiku poets writing in English have either discarded the classical
principles, or have transformed them almost beyond recognition, the
poetry termed 'haiku' bears little or no resemblance to the Japanese
model. While a dogmatic, mechanistic approach to the writing of
haiku, or any literary work, is not advocated here, this
investigation indicates that the power and longevity of the classical
haiku can be attributed to the ability of its poets to create a
personal style within the limitations of formal aesthetic principles.
Order No: AAC 8313470 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: TRANSCENDENCE IN COSTA RICAN POETRY: FROM PRE-COLUMBIAN TIMES TO THE PRESENT. (VOLUMES I AND II). (SPANISH TEXT)
Author: BOLANOS-UGALDE, LUIS
School: THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA (0009) Degree: PHD Date: 1983
pp: 746
Source: DAI-A 44/02, p. 496, Aug 1983
Subject: LITERATURE, LATIN AMERICAN (0312)
Abstract: Transcendentalism's key tenet is the act of
ego-transcendence: the perception of the basic unity of human being,
nature, and universe, beyond traditional dichotomies such as
ego/world, ego/non-ego, ego/others, spirit/matter, good/evil. It is,
therefore, an awakening of the Self in the sacred world where profane
dualities are non-existent, an illumination of consciousness in the
perception of Cosmic Unity.
Chapter 2 considers transcendentalism an archetypal
Weltanschauung and therefore pursues its evolvement through time: in
Latin American aboriginal cultures, especially Costa Rican; in
Oriental thought: Hinduism, Taoism, and Zen, whose major literary
creations are surveyed; in Emerson, Thoreau, and Whitman. It then
traces its development in contemporary Hispanic literature, from
Becquer, a precursor, to Jimenez and Guillen--the most representative
Spanish contemporary transcendentalists--and Lezama Lima and Paz,
their Latin American counterparts. It closes with a study of the
thought and poetry of the Costa Rican writers who signed the
Manifiesto transcendentalista in 1977.
Chapter 3 explores transcendentalism in the oral literature of
Costa Rican Indians, and a section on Colonial poetry, since most
historians have ignored it. It closes by establishing the identity of
the first truly Costa Rican poet, Justo A. Facio, the first modern
writer to coincide with transcendentalism.
Chapter 4 traces most instances of ego-transcendence in Costa
Rican poetry from 1894 to 1957. It studies the lyrical evolution of
the country in general and thus includes all major writers. Since the
chapter offers a comprehensive, unified history of contemporary Costa
Rican poetry, all stylistic, ideological, and thematic preferences
were incorporated: lyric, epic, social, revolutionary, feminist, and
children's poetry were analyzed. A generational scheme was employed
for the historical organization, based on Cedomil Goic's adaptation
for Latin American literature of Ortega's system, and was
complemented with a summary of generational preferences to determine
the sensibilidad vital of each group. These two methods allow for
comparisons and contribute to incorporate Costa Rican poetry into the
mainstream of Latin American literature.
The study in general proves that most poets are individuals
capable of transcending orthodox dualities to experience the Unity of
existence.
Order No: AAC 8315040 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: DREAM FORMS. (ORIGINAL COMPOSITION)
Author: HALEY, CHARLES WILLIAM
School: UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI - KANSAS CITY (0134) Degree: DMA
Date: 1983 pp: 135
Source: DAI-A 44/04, p. 905, Oct 1983
Subject: MUSIC (0413)
Abstract: The texts of these compositions are by authors of the
16th, 18th and 20th centuries and share in common the moods created
by dreams, nightmares and descriptions of dream-like phenomena. The
texts are: Mercutio's image of Queen Mab's ride through the brains of
characters in Act I of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet; two
opium-induced dreams from Thomas DeQuincey's The Confessions of an
English Opium Eater (pub. 1822) and a nightmare from Robert Pirsig's
Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance.
Each composition has, as a generator of its pitch and harmonic
materials, a 12-tone row whose interval classes are calculated to
give some non-traditional ramifications when associated with the
Schoenbergian twelve-tone system. These include: passages in which
notational procedures subordinate time and pitch elements to other
sound elements such as the activity rate or a performance practice
such as glissando; the traditional usage of the row, associated
contrapuntally to closely related transposed forms known as
combinatorialities, is abandoned, and a technique comparable to
thoroughbass is incorporated. By this method the individual pitch
classes of the original row form and its transposed associates are
viewed as harmonic constants to which other vertical sonorities may
be related and expanded upon, either as harmonies or as contrapuntal
lines. Any sonority may be expanded through Howard Hanson's processes
of involution and complementary sonorities, making a logical system
of pitch class limitation possible that may also yield further
choices, giving the composer more control over digressions from a
tightly controlled mechanized serial process.
In addition to traditional orchestrational techniques,
non-traditional performance practices may be required of some of the
instruments and narrator; these include: articulations such as
flutter-tonguing and humming, harmonics, exaggerated glissandi,
percussion techniques, vibrato variances and heightened speech on
some words of the text.
Form is an element of lower control functions and is determined
primarily by textual content, rhetorical considerations, rotation of
tone row pitches and digressions from any process established by the
row or its combinatorial forms.
The compositions may be performed in any order, as single pieces
or in any combination.
Order No: AAC 8327802 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: AN INTEGRATION OF ZEN BUDDHISM AND THE STUDY OF PERSON AND ENVIRONMENT
Author: DUTT, DENISE MARIA
School: CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF INTEGRAL STUDIES (0392)
Degree: PHD Date: 1983 pp: 125
Source: DAI-A 44/08, p. 2490, Feb 1984
Subject: PHILOSOPHY (0422)
Abstract: Purpose and Scope of Study. The purpose of the study was
to begin an integration of the science of Environmental Psychology
and the Eastern tradition of Zen Buddhism, and to construct a
dialogue between them relating to the meaningful connection between
humankind and environment. The need for such a dialogue was presented
as stated by various modern thinkers and scholars in the field of
environmental study. The state of the art of Environmental Psychology
and of the discipline of Zen Buddhism were described. Zen was further
elaborated on through its arts in order to present a deeper insight
into its particular awareness as evidenced through Japanese artforms.
Integration. The study suggests that the integration of Zen with
environmental study offers a rounding out of the complete spectrum of
knowing necessary to fully understand the individual/environment
relationship. Employed as complements to one another, empirical
research and spiritual insight of the person/place connection form a
composite of rational and arational modes of knowing that encompasses
person both as spectator and participant communing with the world,
and allows a synthesizing dialogue between science and intuition. The
study proposed a guiding theoretical foundation for such an
integration, along with implications for practitioners, the
environments they create, and people who live in those spaces. The
author's personal recounting of her own environmental awareness was
offered as a practical application of the proposed integration, along
with an invitation to the reader to do the same.
Order No: AAC 8406115 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: PARADOXICAL STRATEGIES IN PSYCHOTHERAPY (SYMPTOM PRESCRIPTION REFRAMING)
Author: SELTZER, LEON F.
School: UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI (0045) Degree: PHD Date: 1983
pp: 344
Source: DAI-B 44/12, p. 3944, Jun 1984
Subject: PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL (0622)
Abstract: In the past few decades well over three hundred books and
articles have testified to the value of utilizing seemingly
irrational--or paradoxical--strategies in psychotherapy. These
tactics, frequently subtle and always unanticipated by their clinical
recipients, are designated through an almost bewildering
heterogeneity of names and phrases. But almost all of these
procedures have in common either the support of dysfunctional
behavior or the discouragement of more adaptive alternatives.
Paradoxical strategies, rather than deriving from a particular
paradigm of human behavior, cut across specific approaches and
theoretical boundaries. The fact that these tactics have been
successfully employed in psychoanalysis (and paradigmatic
psychotherapy), behavior therapy, gestalt therapy, and interpersonal
communication and systems theory suggest the ultimate practicality of
a therapist's seeking to facilitate change indirectly, by not
requesting it.
Despite the dramatically increasing popularity of paradoxical
interventions, the present study represents the first attempt to (1)
explicate the large variety of paradoxical procedures delineated in
the literature, (2) discuss the different rationales proposed for
these procedures, (3) review and evaluate the empirical research
undertaken on their behalf, and (4) systematically evolve a unified
and coherent theory of paradox in therapy.
As an introduction to the many ways clinicians have used
paradoxical strategies in treatment, this project elucidates
paradoxical tactics from a relativistic, interactional (or
communicational), and dialectical perspective. It also explores their
Eastern antecedents and analogues in certain tenets and practices
associated with Zen and Tibetan Buddhism, Morita therapy, Tantra,
Judo, and Aikido. Historically tracing their implementation in
Western psychotherapy, it points out their use in the work of Adler,
Dunlap, Frankl, Rosen, Perls, Erickson, Haley, and Watzlawick; and,
finally, it provides an encapsulation of paradoxical interventions
arranged by theoretical persuasion.
The great bulk of this project, however, is devoted to analyzing
paradoxical tactics as they have been employed, explained, and
empirically examined by each of the four major schools of therapy. It
is hypothesized generally that all such strategies have in common (1)
their 'decontextualizing' dysfunctional behaviors, (2) their
interfering with the secondary reinforcement of these behaviors, and
(3) their assisting clients to overcome anxieties relating to change.
Order No: NOT AVAILABLE FROM UMI ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: THE DERIVATION OF A PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY : GESTALT THERAPY
Author: BARLOW, ALLEN RICHARD
School: UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG (AUSTRALIA) (0727) Degree: PHD
Date: 1983
Source: DAI-B 45/02, p. 655, Aug 1984
Subject: PSYCHOLOGY, GENERAL (0621)
Abstract: This dissertation examines the theoretical precursors of
Gestalt therapy as proposed by F. S. (Fritz) Perls. Perls' complete
published works were examined, and his acknowledgement of other
theorists and philosophical/religious approaches noted. This
examination yielded 27 individual theoreticians, plus Gestalt
psychology, Zen Buddhism, Taoism and phenomenology as the major
sources mentioned by Perls.
Wherever possible, the original works of these individuals were
scrutinized to reveal the extent of their influence on Perls. Where
works were originally published in languages other than English,
English translations were used.
Comparison of the works of these theorists with those of Fritz
Perls showed that all had significant commonalities with Perls'
works; often, these commonalities lay in areas other than those
acknowledged by Perls; many of these have also been overlooked by
other commentators. It was concluded that Perls made extensive
theoretical borrowings in formulating Gestalt therapy, and often
minimized his reliance on others' work, or failed to credit them at
all.
Additionally, the dissertation contains three appendices--a
glossary of terminology, a summary of interviews with 22 Gestalt
therapists in the U.S.A. in 1980 (in which they indicated the
directions in which Gestalt therapy has been developing since Perls'
death) and an Index to the complete works of Fritz Perls.
Order No: AAC 8401761 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: 'PERSONA ORIGINALIS': JINKAKU' AND PERSONNE,' ACCORDING TO THE PHILOSOPHIES OF NISHIDA KITARO AND JACQUES MARITAIN (FRANCE, JAPAN)
Author: YUSA, MICHIKO
School: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA (0035)
Degree: PHD Date: 1983 pp: 894
Source: DAI-A 44/10, p. 3093, Apr 1984
Subject: RELIGION, PHILOSOPHY OF (0322)
Abstract: Over against the commonly held notion that the West extols
the personal, while the East, being 'pre-personal' or 'a-personal,'
suppresses it, this cross-cultural study directly delves into the
'homeomorphic--functional--equivalent' of the 'person' in the thought
of Nishida Kitaro (1870-1945), representing the philosophy nurtured
by Buddhist wisdom, and in that of Jacques Maritain (1882-1973),
representing the philosophy formed in the light of Christian
revelation.
Exercising diatopical hermeneutics, this study aims at a
philosophy understanding between East and West--an endeavour along
the line of Raimundo Panikkar.
Following a brief exposition of the history of the 'person' in
the Buddhist East and Christian West, the lives and thought of
Nishida and Maritain are presented. Epistemology and metaphysics
being integral part of their views of the 'person,' philosophical
systems of Nishida and Maritain are first expounded before entering
into the ideas of jinkaku (held by Nishida) and personne (elucidated
by Maritain).
Out of this diatopical study emerges the 'persona originalis'--a
subtle depth of human experience, be it called 'the original face' in
the Zen tradition or imago dei in the Biblical. This is not to
annihilate differences between East and West; rather it uncovers
diverse realities of the 'person' lived and understood by these
traditions. Nishida and Maritain consider the person to be directly
sustained by the Absolute--whether it be God or Absolute Nothing. As
such he is not an ego-centered individual but has his ontological
'home' in the Transcendent. The emphasis on transcendence or
immanence characterizes the experience of the personal in the
Christian and Buddhist contexts. Moreover, for Nishida and Maritain,
it is love that makes the person what he is and that is at the core
of both speculative and practical activities and of religious
salvation.
This work discloses not only a 'kataphatic' trend of Buddhist
thought, exemplified by Nishida, but the significance of knowledge
consummating in pati divina, clearly advanced by Maritain.
Appendices--an English translation of Nishida's essay, 'The Logic of
Basho and the Religious Worldview,' and a chronology of
Nishida--offer material for further studies.
Order No: AAC 8413460 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: ORIENTAL CROSSCURRENTS IN MODERN WESTERN THEATRE
Author: LAI, STANLEY SHENG-CHUAN
School: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY (0028) Degree: PHD
Date: 1983 pp: 489
Source: DAI-A 45/03, p. 684, Sep 1984
Subject: THEATER (0465)
Abstract: This study traces the conscious pursuit and assimilation
of Oriental philosophy and theatrical practice in Western theatre of
the twentieth-century, and concurrent development, independent of
conscious influence, of elements in modern drama that reflect the
structure and spirit of Japanese Noh. Both of these developments are
seen to be part of a deeper drive in modern society toward rejection
of traditional Western values, particularly rationality, and the
search for new forms of expression from eclectic sources outside of
this tradition.
Certain major esoteric trends of the late
ninteenth-century--occultism, alchemy, Theosophy, Buddhism--can be
found in Strindberg's works, and his Dream Plays incorporate
fragmented pieces of Oriental myth and thought into free-flowing
odysseys of the inner mind. The subsequent Dada revolt against
traditional values has striking parallels to the Zen Buddhist concept
of 'no-mind' and eccentric Zen practices designed to free the mind
from rational tendencies. As heir to this break with rationality,
Artaud was deeply influenced by Balinese dance, which provided a form
for his concepts of direct communication in the theatre.
In their development of non-realistic staging methods toward a
'conscious theatre', Mayerhold and Brecht drew freely from, and at
times misinterpreted Kabuki and Peking Opera conventions. Yeats
turned toward the Noh in his vision for a theatre that unified
national consciousness, though three of his four Plays for Dancers
are closer to traditional Western dramatic structure than the essence
of Noh.
Though neither playwright was directly influenced by Noh, the
works of O'Neill and Beckett, products of our fragmented modern life,
reflect the static structure and commemorative qualities of Noh.
Early Greek tragoidia also reflects these features, and like Noh, it
was a product of a cohesive society. An intriguing paradox lies in
the likeness of these ancient and modern dramatic forms and the harsh
contrast between the nature of the societies that spawned them.
Order No: NOT AVAILABLE FROM UMI ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: METAPHOR AND METONYMY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CHINESE AND WESTERN POETICS
Author: YEH, MICHELLE MI-HSI
School: UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA (0208) Degree: PHD
Date: 1982
Source: DAI-A 44/07, p. 2142, Jan 1984
Subject: LITERATURE, COMPARATIVE (0295)
Abstract: Metaphor and metonymy are the most influential pair of
terms that Structuralism and Post-Structuralism have popularized
through the works of Saussure, Jakobson, Levi-Strauss, Barthes, and
Lacan. While the former term refers to the 'principle of equivalence'
based on selection and substitution, the latter represents the
'principle of contiguity' based on combination. In this study, they
are used to designate two distinct modes of composition or patterns
of organization responsible for the production of meaning. In the
metaphoric mode, images are related to one another in terms of
similarity and contrast; in the metonymic mode, images are juxtaposed
with each other non-metaphorically. The author argues that, while
metaphor plays a primary role in English poetry, it has a more
limited significance and is overshadowed by metonymy in classical
Chinese poetry.
The emphasis on metaphor in the Western tradition bears some
significant theoretical and philosophical implications. Based on the
deconstructive theory of Derrida, the author examines the concepts of
metaphor and poetry in the context of Western metaphysics, where
metaphor is a means of transporting from the concrete image to the
abstract concept, from representation to truth, and from the
signifier to the signified. By contrast, the relative lack of
interest in metaphor per se and the marked absence of metaphor
theories in Chinese criticism suggest a different cultural outlook.
It can be defined as holistic rather than dualistic, interpenetrative
rather than antithetical, as demonstrated by the major sources of
Chinese culture: the I ching, Confucianism, Taoism, and Ch'an (Zen)
Buddhism. This divergence leads to further studies of Chinese
aesthetics in comparison with the West. First, in reference to
language, the Chinese view meaning as the result of the interplay and
interaction between speech and silence. Second, the relationship of
man with nature is conceived as one of fundamental
nondifferentiation. The latter observation is contrasted to the
conflict between imagination and reality in Romantic-Symbolist
poetry, but is paralleled to Postmodern poetry which looks to
Oriental poetry for new models.
(Copies available from Micrographics Department, Doheny Library,
USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089.)
Order No: AAC 8307944 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: AN INVESTIGATION OF A ZEN MEDITATION PROCEDURE AND ITS EFFECT ON SELECTED PERSONALITY AND PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC VARIABLES
Author: NORWOOD, JEAN ELAINE
School: UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS (0158) Degree: PHD Date: 1982
pp: 243
Source: DAI-B 43/11, p. 3721, May 1983
Subject: PSYCHOLOGY, GENERAL (0621)
Abstract: The purpose of the investigation was to determine the
effectiveness of Zen meditation practice in facilitating positive
change on the personality variables time competence, inner direction,
locus of control, and field independence, as well as to investigate
the subjective experiences of novice meditators.
Two population groups were included in the study: a student group
and a clinical group. The student-population group consisted of
forty-six undergraduate college students. The student subjects were
randomly assigned to one of three groups: experimental group (Zen
meditation group taught to focus attention on the breath, as well as
a formal Zen posture), placebo group (formal Zen posture only), or
control group (no treatment). The clinical-population group consisted
of thirty-seven in-patient volunteers from the alcoholic-drug unit of
a psychiatric state hospital. The clinical subjects were randomly
assigned to either an experimental group (Zen meditation group which
practiced focused attention on the breath, as well as a formal Zen
meditation posture) or a control group (no treatment).
Pretests and posttests were given to all groups on the Personal
Orientation Inventory and Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control
Scale. A posttest measure of Witkin's Embedded Figure Test was
administered to the clinical group only. The student-population
experimental and placebo groups practiced as a group for thirty
minutes on alternate days, two days a week for eight weeks. The
clinical experimental group met as a group each weekday for half an
hour for five weeks. All subjects answered a questionnaire after each
session designed to investigate their covert experiences while
practicing the procedure.
Analysis of covariance data indicated no treatment effect for the
three personality variables: time-competence, inner-direction, and
locus of control. However, t-test data did reveal a significant
effect at the .05 level of significance on the field-independence
measure for the clinical experimental group. Analysis of the
questionnaire data revealed significant meditation-specific changes
for individuals in both experimental groups but not for the placebo
(posture only) group individuals.
Order No: AAC 8307634 ProQuest - Dissertation Abstracts
Title: JIUN SONJA (1718-1804): LIFE AND THOUGHT (JAPAN)
Author: WATT, PAUL BROOKS
School: COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY (0054) Degree: PHD Date: 1982
pp: 225
Source: DAI-A 43/11, p. 3626, May 1983
Subject: RELIGION, HISTORY OF (0320)
Abstract: Japanese Buddhism in the Tokugawa period (1603-1868) has
commonly been depicted as existing in a state of deep spiritual,
moral and intellectual decline. On the one hand, it must be admitted
that this view has considerable basis in fact. Plagued not only by
the internal problems of a divisive sectarianism and a lack of
discipline among many in its leadership, but also by challenges from
contemporary non-Buddhist thinkers and schools of thought, Tokugawa
Buddhism was in difficult straits. On the other hand, it is clear
that the universal acceptance that this view has gained has led to
the neglect of significant figures within the history of Tokugawa
Buddhism--figures who were aware of the crisis that Buddhism faced
and who worked for thoroughgoing reforms within Buddhism, while
defending it against its critics from without.
Jiun Sonja is one such figure, and his life and thought
constitute the focus of this dissertation. As a child, largely as a
result of a Confucian education, Jiun harbored a passionate hatred
for Buddhism. Ironically, however, after his father's death, the
responsibility for his upbringing passed into the hands of a Shingon
Buddhist priest, and in spite of his earlier hostility, Jiun was soon
won over to the Buddhist point of view.
Although Jiun went on to become a Shingon monk, his understanding
of Buddhism began early in his career to develop along suprasectarian
lines. In his early twenties, he practiced meditation under the
direction of a Soto Zen master, and by his mid-twenties, he had
become convinced that Buddhism could successfully meet the crisis it
faced only by returning to the essentials of Buddhist practice and
thought, which he referred to as the True Dharma (Shobo). It was this
goal of reviving the True Dharma that led him on to his most
noteworthy achievements. These include: the founding of a
suprasectarian movement known as the 'Vinaya of the True Dharma'
(Shoboritsu) to encourage the observance of monastic discipline; a
mastery of Sanskrit unprecedented in Japanese history; the
propagation of Buddhism's message in an easy-to-understand language
for the laity; the formation of responses to Confucian and
rationalist critics of Buddhism; and finally, the advocacy of a new
interpretation of Shinto, one based upon his own unique Buddhist
viewpoint. Seen in their entirety, these activities may be understood
as Jiun's attempt to make a total response to the challenges facing
Buddhism in his day. In the hope of cont
